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语法史研究申请书如何写 语法史研究申请书如何写好(7篇)

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语法史研究申请书如何写 语法史研究申请书如何写好(7篇)
2023-01-16 18:58:05    小编:ZTFB

在日常学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触作文或者范文吧,通过文章可以把我们那些零零散散的思想,聚集在一块。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢?接下来小编就给大家介绍一下优秀的范文该怎么写,我们一起来看一看吧。

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写一

练 习

十一、指出并改正下列各句的语法错误。

1. 时传祥是全国劳动模范,他的好思想、好品德,永远是我们学习的榜样。

2. 我市各单位首批赴北京参观的代表,均由先进生产者组成。

3. 学校办得好不好,取决于学校领导强烈的事业心。

4. 如果采用全自动控制和组合生产,产量和质量提高多少倍啊!

5. 我们要采取有力措施,扩大和加快各类学校发展的规模和速度。

6. 眼看着这动人的场画和丰收的喜讯,怎么不叫人高兴呢?

7. 这个经验值得文教工作者特别是中小学教师的重视。

8. 这幅画不正寓意文艺工作者在浓墨重彩地描绘我们生气勃勃的春天吗?

9. 人们都以亲切的目光倾听着他发言。

10.这些人入党后,从未经过严峻的考验和审查。

11.作家亲身经历了战火的洗礼,与人民大众有较多的接触和了解。

12.蜜蜂酿造一斤蜜,大约要采五十万朵左右的花粉。

13.看了华山抢险英雄事迹的报道,令人十分感动。

14.从这个事实说明,我们的企业管理还存在不少问题。

15.这以后,谢文华已受伤致残,但仍强迫他干重活。

16.观众将拭日以待你的新角色。

17.当民族危急的关头,只有人民才能担当拯救民族危亡的命运。

18.他们游览了我国的佛教圣地灵隐寺和宋代民族英雄岳飞墓。

19.由于采购员能合理使用资金,促使品种不断增加。

20.贵州的回民,大多是清末从云南因杜文秀起义失败后移入的。

21.他“朝为工,夜习画”,说明他对艺术的饥渴与勤奋。

22.高梁和玉米在小苗苗时不大好分辨,起码对城里人来说是这样,待长大以后,一个从旁边长出了绿棒儿,一个在头上长出了红穗儿。

23.他们姐妹俩从小就爱生病,姐姐不是发烧了,就是妹妹咳嗽了。

24.如果我把课不教好,怎么对得起广大同学呢?

25.鲁迅的小说《阿q正传》对大家是很熟悉的。

26.他们本着保证价廉物美为原则,使用了的工艺和新的操作技术。

27.水的化学成分是一个原子的氧和两个原子的氢化合而成。

28.你现在不好好学习,胡作非为,请想想将后出现怎样的后果是不言而喻的了。

29.一到地里,大家就忙开了,割麦的割麦,捆麦的捆麦,也有的装车。

30.运水来自海边,在那独特的环境里,养成了他素朴的性格,鲁迅初次见到,给他留下了很深的印象,后来在文章中时常说到,是很自然的了。

31.他(卢嘉川)知道敌人如果真正得到了他们的名单,便不会同他这么费劲了,正因为他不知道,所以他说“知道了”。

32.用机器加工文献,每一千字只两角钱,比人工翻译便宜四倍。

二、什么叫紧缩法?什么叫类比法?紧缩法和类比法有什么用?

三、试用紧缩法检查下列句子有没有语法错误;如果有语法错误,试说明是什么性质的错误:

(1)参加研制人造地球卫星的全体工作人员,在各科研院所和各高等院校的支持下,在中国人民

解放军的密切配合下,经过多年的紧张劳动,于1964年9月15日,我国终于成功地发射了 第一颗人造地球卫星。

(2)经济侵略是无形的,然而比军事侵略更凶猛,受害也更深。

四、试用类比法检查下面这个句子有没有语法错误;如果有语法错误,试说明是什么性质的错误:

他们用的是美声唱法演唱的。

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写二

第一章 名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(noun clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一. 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

1. it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

it 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:

a) it is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b) it doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c) it is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)

d) it is john that broke the window. 是john打碎的窗户。(强调句型)

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) it is + 名词 + 从句

it is a fact that … 事实是…

it is an honor that …非常荣幸

it is common knowledge that …是常识

(2) it is + 形容词 + 从句

it is natural that…很自然…

it is strange that…奇怪的是…

(3) it is + 不及物动词 + 从句

it seems that… 似乎…

it happened that… 碰巧…

it appears that… 似乎…

(4) it + 过去分词 + 从句

it is reported that… 据报道…

it has been proved that… 已证实…

it is said that… 据说…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:

(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2)it is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

正确表达:it is said that president jiang will visit our school next week.

错误表达:that president jiang will visit our school next week is said.

(3)it happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

正确表达:it occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

错误表达:that he failed in the examination occurred to him.

(4)it doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:

正确表达:it doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

错误表达:whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.

(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:

正确表达:is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达:is that will rain in the evening likely?

4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:

a) what you said yesterday is right.

b) that she is still alive is a consolation

二.宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如:

i heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:

a) she did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。

b) i wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:

she told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2. 作介词的宾语,例如:

our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3. 作形容词的宾语,例如:

i am afraid (that) i’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意:that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如:

we heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:

正确表达:i admire their winning the match.

错误表达:i admire that they won the match.

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:

正确表达:he impressed the manager as an honest man.

错误表达:he impressed the manager that he was an honest man.

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:

i don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三. 表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和it is because 等结构。例如:

1) the question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) this is why we can’t get the support of the people.

3) but the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) the reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:

1) the king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) the order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:

he got the news from mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:

1) the news that he told me is that tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)

2)the news that tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1.____he does has nothing to do with me.

a. whatever b. no matter what c. that d. if

2. the manager came over and asked the customer how____

a. did the quarrel came about b .the quarrel had come about

c. had the quarrel come about d. had the quarrel come about

3. energy is ____makes thing work..

a. what b. something c. anything d. that

4. information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

a. while b. that c. when d. as

5. this is ___the shenzhou v spaceship landed.

a. there b. in which c. where d. when

6. they have no idea at all____.

a. where he has gone b. where did he go

c. which place has he gone d. where has he gone

7. the doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.

a. that b. which c. of which d. of that

8. the order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.

a. that ;had to leave b. that; should leave

c. /; must leave d. when; should leave

9. ___is no possibility ____bob can win the first prize in the match.

a. there; that b. it; that c. there; whether d. it; whether

10. the question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.

a. that b. which c. whether d. if

11. is _____he said really true?

a. that b. what c. why d. whether

12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.

a. that b. whether c. if d. where

13. it worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.

a. while b. if c. that d. for

14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.

a. whether b. this c. who d. if

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.

a. what b. that c. whether d. if

16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.

a. what b. that c. who d. how

17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.

a. what; what b. that; that c. what; that d. that ; what

18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.

a. whatb. it c. all that d. that

19. it is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.

a. believed b. think c. say d. hoped

20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

a. what b. that c. how d. where

keys:

1-5 ababc 6-10 aabac 11-15 bbcab 16-20 bcbaa

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写三

疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子,句末用问号―?‖。常考的疑问句有四类,即:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

第一节 一般疑问句

一般疑问句通常需要用yes 或no 来回答,所以又叫做―是非疑问句‖。在读这种句子时 要用升调。一般疑问句主要有以下几种类型:

1、―be + 主语 + 表语‖结构

— are you sleepy ? 你困了吗?

— yes, i am . 是的,我困了。

3、―情态动词 + 主语言+ 行为动词(或be)‖结构

— may/can i use the telephone? 我能用这部电话吗?

— yes, you can. 是的,可以。

5、―助动词(do, does, did)+ 主语 + 行为动词‖结构

— do you like swimming in summer? 你喜欢夏天游泳吗?

— no, i don`t . 不,我不喜欢。

难点提示

回答否定性一般疑问句时,要在yes 后面用肯定结构,表示肯定;在no 后面用否定结构,表示否定。注意在说法上正好与汉语习惯相反。诀窍是在回答的时候,只要把它当成没有加否定形式的普通一般疑问句看待就可以了。注意下面例句的回答和它的意思。

— is he not your elder brother? 他不是你的哥哥吗?

—yes, he is . 不,他是(我的哥哥)。no, he is not. 是的,他不是(我的哥哥)。 — isn`t she very clever? 她难道不是很聪明吗?

— yes, she is. 不,她很聪明。 — no, she is not . 是,她不聪明。

第二节 特殊疑问句

一、特殊疑问句是用来提出来特定问题的疑问句,要求听到问题的人针对特定情况来做具体的回答,不能像一般疑问句一样简单地用yes 或no 来回答,特殊疑问句要用降调来读。

二、特殊疑问句的结构:

特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句

who do english homework in the evening?谁晚上做英语家庭作业?

what do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么?

what homework do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么家庭作业?

when do you do english homework?你什么时候做英语家庭作业?

三、注意:

对人提问时who―谁‖

对所属(谁的)提问用whose―谁的‖

对哪一个提问用which―哪一个‖

对时间提问用when―什么时候‖或what time―几点‖

对物体提问用what―什么‖

对地点提问用where―哪里‖

对原因提问用why―为什么‖

对方式提问用how―怎么样‖

对数量提问用how many―多少‖(用于可数名词复数)或how much―多少‖(用于不可数名词)

四、难点提示

1、 以why开头的特殊疑问句否定形式常用于表示建议、请求等。 why don`t you have a try? 你为什么不试试呢?

2、 特殊疑问句常用到一些缩略形式,在平时学习中要注意习惯这些用法。

i don`t want to go there. how about you? 我不想去那儿,你呢?

but what else? 可是还有什么呢?

把下列句子变成否定句:

1. i am listening to music. _______________________________________

2. mike is a student. _______________________________________

3sarah can clean the classroom. ________________________________________

4. they are in the zoo. ________________________________________

5. there are some flowers in the vase.________________________________________

看过初一英语语法的相关知识的人还看了:

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写四

江苏省如东县丰利镇凌河小学  黄福梅

小学英语教学,本着从孩子的兴趣出发,注重培养学生听、说、读、写等方面的能力,这就似乎要强调淡化英语语法知识的教学。而一提到语法教学,人们就会联想到枯燥、繁琐、应试教育等字眼,因而在很多公开课中教师都避开语法知识的讲解。但学生在学习英语时,如果不了解该语言的内部规则,那将影响学生准确地运用该语言进行交流,也会对她以后更长时间里的英语学习形成一定的障碍。许多专家认为,即使在小学阶段,孩子也需要一些语法知识帮助他们牢固地、正确地掌握语言。课程标准也要求在小学阶段要进行一些简单的语法教学。作为小学英语教师,我们就得考虑如何才能既保持孩子学习英语的兴趣,又让孩子掌握枯燥的语法知识。我认为,老师在教学过程中,要想尽一切办法,让艰涩难懂的语法知识变得生动活泼,简单易懂起来,让孩子学习语法知识成为一个不断自主探究和发现的过程,并在其中感受到学习的乐趣和自信。我试想在实施教学的过程中是否可以做以下一些尝试:

一、       比较分析  自主发现

在语法教学方面,外国教育专家提出了两种方法:“explicit grammar teaching”(显性语法教学)和“implicit grammar teaching”(隐性语法教学)。前者侧重在教学中直接谈论语法规则,语法教学目的直接明显;后者则在教学中避免直接谈论所学的语法规则,主要通过情景让学生体验语言,通过对语言的交际性运用归纳出语法规则。小学阶段的学习,我们主要以隐性语法教学为主,但到了小学高年级,学生学习的知识比较繁杂零碎了,时态也已经接触到三到四种了,如果还是概念模糊,老师不进行必要的语法讲解,学生头脑中的语言概念就会出现很多的不准确性,所以要进行必要的显性语法教学。但是,怎样去讲解,才能让学生既觉轻松,又能准确把握一些语法知识呢?我们知道每个学生都有探究和发现的欲望,所以我们老师要做好引导者和帮助者,带着学生一起去探究语言的奥秘,相信定会乐在其中的。例如在帮助学生巩固所接触到的几种时态的句型时,我们可以先给学生出示一组句子,如:

i cleann the house every week .

she watches tv every day .

they have a sports meeting every year .

然后让学生去讨论发现这一组句子的共同点及不同点,每个学生都会迫不及待地将自己的发现告诉老师,并且都会很努力地去发现其中的规律,在学生回答交流的基础上,老师只要再稍作点拨,便可很容易地总结出一般现在时句式的结构及特点。之后,我再要求他们分别用 now ,  last… , next….去替换句中的时间状语。这对于学生来说是一种大胆的尝试,他们的好奇心和探究意识会驱使他们很乐意去做这样的尝试。这一环节,还可以指导他们进行小组学习,再相互讨论和争辩的过程中,他们会不断有自己新的发现,比如几种时态的结构有什么区别,时间状语有什么区别,主语变化时动词有怎样的变化等。在同学的相互合作和启发中,一堂课的教学目标便也水到渠成地达到了,而且学生学得兴趣盎然,老师教的轻松自如。这样的教学方法不仅能保持学生高涨的学习热情,而且能培养学生良好的英语学习品质,为他们今后的学习奠定良好的基础。

二、       创设情境  意义先行

英国教育专家研究表明,孩子具有“go for meaning”的天性,即在语言学习时,孩子的注意力通常首先放在语言的意义上,他们很少注意到语言的形式或语言规则。而且,孩子在特定的情景中获悉语言意义的能力很强。由于孩子的关注点在语言的意义上,如果在开始授课时,教师首先谈论语法规则,势必导致他们不感兴趣。在教学中,我们要利用孩子的天性来帮助他们学习语言。首先,让孩子在一个有意义的情景中理解所教语法项目的意义;然后提供足够的机会让孩子在比较真实的语境中进行交际性活动,运用所学的语法项目;最后,在孩子理解并会运用的基础上,教师把孩子的注意力吸引到语法规则上来,进一步巩固所学的内容。例如在教学一般过去时时,教师先在黑板上出示一副黑白线条勾勒的图片,图片上时钟指向三点,让学生看数秒之后,

t: what’s in the picture?

s1: there is a ball ,a diary ,a desk , a chair , a mobile phone .

s2: i can see a vase , a camera , some flowers.

s3: there is a clock ,a photo ,a tv .

t: what time is it now?

s4: it’s 3 o’clock.

t: let’s try to remember the picture.

where is the pen ?( on the desk)

where is the ball?(under the desk)

where is the camera?(near the vase)

where is the mobile phone?(on the diary)

教师在黑板的另一边贴上一副场景一样的图片,不过是彩色的。图中的时间变成了三点半,物品的位置都发生了一些变化。

t: what time is it now?

s1: it’s half past three.

t: where is the pen now? is it on the desk ?

no ,it was on the desk a moment ago.

t: where is the camera? is it near the vase?

s2:no, it was near the vase a moment ago .

t:where is the mobile phone ?

s3: it’s under the diary.

t: where was it just now ?

s4:it was on the diary just now.

通过对图一和图二中相同物品位置的对比,突出现在时与过去时在时间概念上的区别和be动词的变化。之后再让学生自己选择图片上的物品进行对话练习。这一案例中,教师通过两张色彩基调不同的图片首先让学生感受了过去时与现在时的`不同情境,并通过操练,积累了be 动词由is 向was转化的经验。这种源自生活的真实情境使原本抽象的语法含义变得简单了,丰富的图片内容将语法概念情景化,让大量枯燥的机械训练变成自然有趣的实践运用。

三、       言简意赅  适时适量

除以上两点外,在解释语法项目时还要注意做到言简意赅,适时适量。解释清楚就可以了,不要嗦,费时费力太多,反而弄巧成拙,导致孩子糊涂生厌。有些些教师认为只有把语法尽可能详尽地解释,才能保证孩子运用的正确性,而且往往把还在犯的语言错误归因于语法讲解不够,其实,学英语就像学计算机或学汽车驾驶一样,太多的理论解释反而适得其反,最关键的是理解实践。而且,正如上面所说的孩子的抽象思维能力还没有完全发展,这方面的能力比不上成人,在涉及语法点时更应该注重趣味性和有效性结合。例如在教学be动词的用法时,一味讲解孩子会无所适从,也根本不知道你在说什么,所以我们可以借助一首儿歌来帮助学生理解记忆:

我是am ,

你是are,

is用在她、他、它,

其余都用are。

这样的儿歌朗朗上口,实用性很强,学生想不记住都难了。再比如在一般现在时(当主语是第三人称单数时)和一般过去时的否定句和疑问句中,后面的动词要还原,可学生总是记不住,我就采用形象法让他们记忆,说“保镖开路,动词还原”。这样一来,学生对这一语法点就记忆深刻,不会再忘了。另外平时教学中,我们还可以对教材内容进行开发延伸,自编一些英文小诗,帮助学生理解语法难点。例如我们可以创编这样的小诗帮助学生巩固一般现在时主语为第三人称单数时的句式结构:

where does he live? he lives near the bank .

where does he work ? he works at the bank .

when does he work? he works all day and all night.

where does he study? he studies at the bank

where does he sleep ? he sleeps at the bank .

why does he spend all day and all night at the bank ?

because he loves his bank .

还可以鼓励学生自己去创作小诗,有的学生也是做得很好的,有不少还能在学生中广为流传呢。

只要我们英语教师不断更新观念,巧作安排,化繁为简,化生硬为生动,,就定能让语法教学走出枯燥晦涩的阴影,让英语课堂上的语法教学焕发活力,提高教学的实效。

联系地址:江苏省如东县丰利镇凌河小学 226408

联系电话:15851323365

邮箱 :siyueqiushui @

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写五

1、 if my lawyer _______ here last saturday, he _______ me from going.

a. had been; would have prevented

b. had been; would prevent

c. were; would prevent

d. were; would have prevented

解析:a.本题考查虚拟语气。因为从句表示与过去事实相反的`假设,故从句谓语动词用过去完成时,而主句谓语动词用would have +过去分词形式。

2、 if i had worn my overcoat, i _______cold.

a. won’t have caught

b 。couldn’t have caught

c. won’t catch

d. wouldn’t catch

解析:b.本题考查虚拟条件句中主句谓语动词的使用。因为从句用了过去完成时,可知主句谓语动词用would / could have +过去分词形式。根据句意,可知选b.

3、—if he ______ , he ______ that food.

—luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

a. was warned; would not take

b. had been warned; would not have taken

c. would be warned; had not taken

d. would have been warned; had not taken

解析:b. 根据答语,可知本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。故从句谓语动词用过去完成时,而主句谓语动词用would have +过去分词形式。

4、 i didn’t see your sister at the meeting. if she _______, she would have met my brother.

come

b. did come

c. came

d. had come

解析:d. 根据句意“在会上我没有看到你的姐姐。如果她来的话,她就见到我哥哥了”可知,这是考查对过去事实的虚拟。主句用could have done,故从句谓语动词应该用过去完成时。

5、 “i still haven’t thanked aunt lucy for her present.” “it’s time you _____.”

a. do

b. did

c. had

d. would

解析:选b。it’s time you did 为 it’s time you thanked aunt lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。

6、 if i hadn’t been lucky enough to meet you. i really _____ what i would have done.

a. don’t know

b. hadn’t known

c. wasn’t knowing

d. wouldn’t know

解析:选a。虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气的宾语,但 i don’t know 却宜用一般现在时,因为 i don’t know 表述的是现在的真实情况,句意为“我要不是有幸遇到你,我真不知(指现在不知)我会做出什么蠢事来”。

7、 “i’ve told everyone about it.” “oh, i’d rather you _____.”

a. don’t

b. hadn’t

c. couldn’t

d. wouldn’t

解析:选b。i’d rather 后接从句时,从句谓语的时态规律是:用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示过去。

8、 it has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn’t rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.

a. can’t get

b. won’t get

c. hadn’t got

d. wouldn’t get

解析:选a。we can’t get there by tomorrow 为客观事实,故宜用陈述语气。

9、 “do you know his address?” “no, i also wish i _____ where he _____.”

a. knew, live

b. knew, lives

c. know, lives

d. know, lived

解析:选b。第一空填 knew,因为 i wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 i wish 的内容。

10、 “isn’t it about time you _____ to do morning exercises?” “yes, it is. would you like to join us?”

a. begin

b. have begun

c. began

d. had begun

解析:选c。it’s time… / it’s high time… / it’s about time… 等后接从句时,从句谓语通常用过去式。

11、 it is hard for me to imagine what i would be doing today if i ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the melinda cox library in my hometown.

a. wouldn’t have fallen

b. had not fallen

c. should fall

d. were to fall

解析:选 b。此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 melinda cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。

12、 he hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.

a. had scored

b. scored

c. would score

d. would have scored

解析:选 d。这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气,再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,由此可推知答案选 d。

13、 if only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.

a. lies

b. lay

c. had lain

d. should lie

解析:选 c。if only 意为“要是……就好了”,其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气,同时根据 as the doctor instructed 中的过去时态可知从句是与过去事实相反,故选 c。

14、 without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.

a. would be freezing cold

b. will be freezing coldly

c. would be frozen cold

d. can freeze coldly

解析:选 a。without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。

15、 yesterday, jane walked away from the discussion. otherwise, she ____ something she would regret later.

a. had said

b. said

c. might say

d. might have said

解析:选 d。otherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion,即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写六

一、 重点语法

1. 动词be(am,is,are)的用法:

be动词包括“am”, “is”, “are”三种形式。

①第一人称单数(i)配合am来用。句型解析析:i am+? 例句:i am snoopy.

i am ten years old. i am a student. i am a boy.

②第二人称(you)配合are使用。句型解析:you are+? 例句:you are my good friend.

you are a good teacher. you are beautiful ③第三人称单数(he or she or it)配合is使用。句型解析:she(he, it) is +?? 例句:she is a good girl.

she is so tall. she is short. ④人称复数 (we /you/they)配合are使用。句型解析:we (you, they) are +?? 例句 we are in class 5,grade 7.

they are my friends. you are good students.

用法口诀:

我(i)用am, 你(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it)。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。

对应练习:

一. 用括号中适当的词填空。

1. i ________(am, are, is) from australia. 2. she _______ (am, are, is) a student.

3. jane and tom _________(am, is, are) my friends. 4. my parents _______ (am, is, are) very busy every day.

5. _______ (are, is, do, does) there a chinese school in new york? 6. _______ (be, are, were, was) they excited when he heard the news? 7. there _____ (be) some glasses on it.

8. if he _____ (be) free tomorrow, he will go with us. 一、用be 动词的适当形式填空

1. i ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? no, i _____ not.

2. the girl______ jacks sister. 3. the dog _______ tall and fat.

4. the man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom?

6. where _____ your mother? she ______ at home. 7. how _______ your father?

8. mike and liu tao ______ at school. 9. whose dress ______ this? 10. whose socks ______ they? 11. that ______ my red skirt. 12. who ______ i?

jeans ______ on the desk. ______ a scarf for you.

15. here ______ some sweaters for you. 16. the black gloves ______ for su yang. 17. this pair of gloves ______ for yang ling. 18. the two cups of milk _____ for me. 19. some tea ______ in the glass.

20. gao shans shirt _______ over there.

第二课时(1)英语人称代词和物主代词

一、人称代词

表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

人称代词主格:作主语,表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。

i am a teacher. you are student. he is a student, too. we/you/they are students.

人称代词宾格作宾语,表示动作行为的对象。 give it to me. let’s go (let’s =let us)

二、物主代词

表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人称和数的变化见下表。

形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词

而名词性物主代词则相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,故其后不必加名词。如: is this your book?

no,,it isn’t, it’s hers(her book) this pen is mine.

代词练习(一)

一、选出括号中正确的词,在正确的词上打勾。

1. this is(my / i)mother. 2. nice to meet (your / you). 3. (he / his)name is mark. 4. what’s(she / her)name? 5. excuse(me / my / i). 6. are(your / you)miss li? 7. (i/ my)am ben. 8. (she / her)is my sister. 9. fine , thank (your / you). 10. how old is (he / his)

二、用所给代词的正确形式填空。

1. these are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. that is _______( she ) sister. 3. lily is _______ ( lucy ) sister.

4. tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, mary.

5. now _____________(her parent) are in america.

6. those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( i ) father’s students. 7. do you know ______ ( it ) name?

8. mike and tom __________ ( be ) friends. 9. thanks for helping ________( i ).

10. ______(ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher.

三、单项选择。

( )1. my family ____ a big family. my family ____all here.

a. is, is b. are, are c. is, are d. are, is

( )2. this is __________.

a. a picture of family b. a picture of my family

c. a family’s picture d. a family of my picture

( )3. let’s __________ good friends.

a. be b. are c. is d. am

( )4. is she your aunt? yes, __________.

a. she’s b. her is c. she is d. he is

( )5. are __________ coats yours? yes, they are .

a. they b. these c. this d. there

( )6. is that __________ uncle? no, it isn’t

a. he b. she c. her d. hers

( )7. mrs. green is __________ grandmother. a. jim and kate b. jim and kate’s

c. jim’s and kate’s d. jim and kates’

( )8. do you know the name _____mr. green’s son?

a. in b. of c. on d. or

( )9. __________ the great photo of your family. a. thank for b. thanks for

c. thank for d. thanks for

( )10. are those your friends? __________. a. yes, they’re b. no, they are

c. yes, they are d. yes, those are

代词练习(二)

一、用适当的代词填空

1.we like ________ (he, his , him) very much. 2.is this guitar ________ (you, your, yours)? 3.________(she, her, hers) name is li li.

4.father bought a desk for ________ (i, my, me, mine). 5.________ (it, its, its) is very cold today. 6.is this your book, mike?

yes ,________(we, you, they )are. 7.are you and tom classmates? yes, ________(we, you ,they )are.

8.each of the students ________( have, has) a pen pal. 9.he has a dog. i want to have ________(it, one ),too. 10.her parents are ________ (both, all ,either )teachers.

11.the text is easy for you .there are ________( few, a few ,little,

a little) new words in it .

12.i want ________( some, any) bananas. give me these big ________

(one, ones).

二、选择正确的答案

1.is this ________ book?

a.you b.i c.she d.your

2.its a bird. ________ name is polly.

a.its b.its c.his d.it

3.whats that ?________ a jeep.

a.its b.its c.its d.its

4.whats that in english? ________.

a.its egg b.thats egg c.its a egg d.its an egg

5.whose cat is this ? is it yours? is it a white _______? a.cats b.one c.ones d.cats

推荐语法史研究申请书如何写七

一. 词汇

⑴ 单词

1. 介词:in, on, under, behind, near, at, of

1). in表示;中;在内。例如:

in our class 在我们班上

in my bag 在我的书包里

in the desk 在桌子里

in the classroom 在教室里

2). on 表示;在;;上;。例如:

on the wall 在墙上

on the desk 在桌子上

on the blackboard 在黑板上

3). under表示;在;;下;。例如:

under the tree 在树下

under the chair 在椅子下

under the bed 在床下

4). behind表示;在;;后面;。例如:

behind the door 在门后

behind the tree 在树后

5). near表示;在;;附近;。例如:

near the teachers desk 在讲桌附近

near the bed 在床附近

6). at表示;在;;处;。例如:

at school 在学校

at home 在家

at the door 在门口

7). of 表示的;。例如:

a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画

a map of china 一张中国地图

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2. 冠词 a / an / the:

冠词一般位于所限定的名词前,用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式,即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前,如a book; an用在以元音音素开头的字母前,如an apple.

a或an与可数名词单数连用,泛指某类人或某物中的一个。

this is a cat.

这是一只猫。

it#39;s an english book.

这是一本英语书。

his father is a worker.

他的爸爸是个工人。

the既可以用在可数名词前,也可以用在不可数名词前,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物,也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。

who#39;s the boy in the hat?

戴帽子的男孩是谁呀?

------ what can you see in the classroom?

------ i can see a bag.

------ where#39;s the bag?

------ it#39;s on the desk.

------- 你能在教室里看到什么呀?

------ 我能看见一个书包。

------ 书包在哪呀?

------ 在桌子上。

和any

①在肯定句中用some.例如:

there are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些书。

lucy has some good books露西有一些好书。

②在疑问句和否定句中用any。例如:

is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗?

do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗?

there isn#39;t any water in the glass.杯子里没有水。

⑵记住它们的特殊用法。

①some亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中,这一点我们不久就会学到。例如:

would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗?

②any也可用于肯定句中,表示quot;任何的quot;。例如:

any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。

some 和any的用法是经常出现的考点,希望大家能准确地掌握它们的用法。

family看作为一个整体时,意思是quot;家庭quot;,后面的谓语动词be用单数形式 is ;如把family看作为家庭成员时,应理解为复数,后面的谓语动词be应用are。

my family is a big family. 我的家庭是个大家庭。

my family are all at home now. 我的家人现在都在家。

family强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。 house指quot;家quot;、quot;房屋quot;,侧重居住的建筑本身。

his family are all workers. 他的家人都是工人。

my home is in beijing. 我的家在北京。

he isn;t at home now. 他现在不在家。

it;s a picture of my family. 这是一张我全家的照片。

5. little的用法

a little dog 一只小狗,a little boy 一个小男孩。little常用来修饰有生命的名词。

_little还可表示否定意义,意为quot;少的quot;,加不可数名词。

there is little time. 几乎没时间了。

there is little water in the cup. 杯中水很少。

⑵ 词组on the desk 在桌子上

behind the chair 在椅子后

under the chair 在椅子下面

in her pencil-box 在她的铅笔盒中

near the door 在门附近

a picture of a classroom 一个教室的图片

look at the picture 看这张图片

the teacher#39;s desk 讲桌

a map of china 一张中国地图

family tree 家谱

have a seat 坐下,就坐

this way 这边走

二. 日常用语

1. come and meet my family.

2. go and see. i think li lei.

3. glad to meet you.

4. what can you see in the picture?

i can see a clock / some books.

5. can you see an orange?

yes, i can. / no, i can#39;t.

6. where#39;s shenzhen?

it#39;s near hong kong.

7. let me see.(口语)让我想想看。

see 在这是quot;明白、懂了,不可译作;看见。例如:

8. please have a seat.

seat表示quot;座位quot;,是个名词。have a seat表示quot;就坐quot;,也可以说take a seat, 和sit down的意思相同。

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三. 语法

1. 名词所有格

名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系,通常用名词所有格的形式,意为quot;hellip;hellip;的quot;。一般有以下几种形式:

(1). 一般情况下在词尾加quot;#39;squot;。例如:

kate#39;s father kate的爸爸

my mother#39;s friend 我妈妈的朋友

(2). 如果复数名词以s结尾,只;。例如:

teachers day 教师节

the boysgame 男孩们的游戏

(3). 如果复数名词不以s结尾,仍加;。例如:

children day 儿童节

women day 妇女节

(4). 表示两个或几个共有时,所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如:

lucy and lils room lucy 和lily的房间

kate and jim father kate 和jim的爸爸

a map of china 一幅中国地图

the name of her cat 她的猫的名字

a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片

the door of the bedroom 卧室的门

2. 祈使句

祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语,读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌,常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾时,please前多用逗号。

(1). 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。

go and see. 去看看。

come in, please. 请进。

(2). 祈使句的否定形式常用don#39;t于句首。

don#39;t look at your books. 不要看书。

don#39;t play on the road. 不要在马路上玩。

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3. there be 的句子结构

there be是一个;存在;句型,表示;有的意思,

肯定句的形式为:there be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。

be动词单复数的确定,看be后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be动词形式为is;当所接主语为复数名词时,be动词为are;当be动词后接两个以上主语时,be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为quot;某地有某人或某物quot;。如:

there is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。

there are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。

(1)there be的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。

否定形式为:there be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。

there is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。

there aren#39;t any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。

(2)there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首:be there + (any) +名词+地点状语?肯定回答:yes, there is / are. 否定回答:no, there isn#39;t / aren#39;t.

---is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗?

---yes, there is. 有。

---are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗?

---no, there aren#39;t. 没有。

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(3)特殊疑问句:how many . . . are there (+地点状语)?quot;某地有多少人或物?quot;回答用there be . . .

there#39;s one. / there are two / three / some . . .

有时直接就用数字来回答。one. / two . . .

---how many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生?

---there#39;s only one. / there are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。

(4)如果名词是不可数名词,用:how much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语?

how much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水?

how much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物?

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