一、概念

　　过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。

　　----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------->

　　那时以前 那时 现在

　　二、构成

　　过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。

　　例如：

　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

　　他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。

　　He didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.

　　他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

　　三、用法

　　1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。

　　例如：

　　When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

　　我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）

　　He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。

　　2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。

　　例如：

　　She told me that she had written a new novel.

　　她告诉我她已经写好一本小说了。(had written 发生在 told 之前 )

　　I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。

　　3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。

　　例如：

　　Before she came to China, Amy had taught English in a middle school for about five years.

　　艾米来中国之前，在一所中学已经教了五年英语。

　　Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven.

　　汤姆在七岁时已经集了300多张中国邮票。

　　4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。

　　例如：

　　By the end of last year, my father had worked in the factory for twenty years.

　　去年年底时，爸爸已经在工厂工作二十年了。（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）

　　By six o’clock he had worked eleven hours. 到6点钟时他就已经工作了11小时。

　　5.动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

　　例如：

　　I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

　　我本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

　　They had hoped to be able to come and see you.

　　他们本来希望能来看看你。

　　6.过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

　　例如：

　　Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

　　他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

　　No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

　　他刚到就又走了。

　　It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.

　　这是她那一年第三次失业了。

　　过去完成时的用法总结如下表：

　　过 去 完 成 时

　　构成助动词 had+动词的过去分词

　　基本用法

       1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示

　　2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用

　　3）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前

　　4）在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示

　　和其它时态的区别过去完成时/现在完成时

　　现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作

　　过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的动作先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”

　　过去完成时/一般过去时

　　过去完成时强调某动作在过去某时间或另一动作之前已完成

　　一般过去时仅表示动作或状态在过去某时间发生过，不强调与另一动作的比较

　　注意事项

       1）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

　　2) 过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

　　3）It/This was +序数词 time或最高级 that 后面的从句用过去完成时。

　　4）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中

　　现在完成时与过去完成时的区别

　　现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。

　　例如：

　　I have cleaned the classroom.

　　我打扫干净教室了。（强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！）

　　They have lived here for twenty years.

　　他们住在这二十年了。（“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）

　　We have lived in Beijing since we came China.

　　自我们来中国就住在北京了。（“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）

　　过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作。

　　例如：

　　Mr Smith had lived in London for ten years before he came to China.

　　史密斯先生在来中国之前就已经在伦敦住过十年了。(“来”中国已成过去，而先前“住”在纽约就是过去的过去！）

　　We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term.

　　在上期期末，我们就已经学了2000个单词。

　　（“上期期末”已过去，而在其前“学”的就更过去了！）

　　过去完成时专项练习

　　一、单项填空

　　1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already ____to hospital.

　　A. has; been sent B. had; sent C. has; sent D. had; been sent

　　2. The students _______ several new English songs by the end of last term.

　　A. had learned B. learned C. have learned D. will have learned

　　3. Lu Mei told me she _____breakfast, so she was very hungry after having two classes.

　　A. has had B. hasn't have C. have had D. hadn't had

　　4. Hardly ______ to the bus stop when the bus left, which drove them crazy.

　　A did they get B they got C had they got D has they got

　　5. She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.

　　A has left; comes B had left; would come C had left; came D left; had come

　　6. Mr. Black said that it was at least ten years since he _____a good drink.

　　A had enjoyed B was enjoying C have enjoyed D have been enjoying

　　7. I ______ to catch the first train but I got up too late this morning.

　　A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope

　　8. Dr. Brown was very disappointed that one third of the guests _____ when he _____ at the party.

　　A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived

　　9. Tom first met me 10 years ago. I______ in a radio factory at that time.

　　A. had worked B. have worked C. was working D. has been working

　　10. ---- What ______ when I phoned you?

　　---- I ______ my work, and wanted to go out for a walk.

　　A. have you done; finished B. were you doing; have finished

　　C. did you do; had just finished D. were you doing; had just finished

　　11. It is very clear that you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.

　　A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing

　　12. ---- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.

　　---- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.

　　A. had expected; had intended B. are expecting; had intended

　　C. expect; intend D. expected; intend

　　13. ---Alice came back home the day before yesterday.

　　---Really? Where ______?

　　A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone

　　14. Mr. Green and I are familiar with each other; we ______ to each other at an international conference.

　　A. are introduced B. are being introduced

　　C. were introduced D. had been introduced

　　15. --- Did he notice you enter the room?

　　--- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.

　　A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened

　　16. Tom and Jack met again in the street that day. Until then, they _____ each other for nearly two years.

　　A. didn’t see B. hadn’t seen C. haven’t seen D. haven’t been seen

　　17. ---Jane, do you still remember the first time we met?

　　---Of course I do. You ______ in the library.

　　A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read

　　18. A lot of my friends want to buy that kind of cloth because they _____ the cloth ______ well.

　　A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes

　　C. was told; washed D. have been told; is washed

　　19. The young professor talked for about nearly two hours yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.

　　A.I heard B. did I hear C.I had heard D. had I heard

　　20. Ms Wang ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.

　　A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got

　　21. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.

　　A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find

　　C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found

　　22. --- Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?

　　--- Of course. What is it?

　　--- I ______ if you could take me to the station.

　　A. would wonder B. did wonder C. was wondering D. had wondered

　　23. ---Hi, Liu Tao. I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.

　　---Oh, I ______ regular exercise at the club.

　　A. did B. was doing C. had done D have been doing

　　24. All the policemen’s attention was suddenly caught by a small dusty box which____ placed in the corner of the room.

　　A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be

　　25. By the time I got home yesterday, my husband _______ cooking the dinner.

　　A. had finished B. finished C. has finished D. finishes

　　26. My friend asked me whether it was the first time that I ______ skiing.

　　A. went B. has gone C. had gone D. would go

　　27. To everyone’s surprise, Mr Smith’s son spent much more money than he ______ on the journey.

　　A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned

　　28. If he ________ to the meeting yesterday, I would have met him.

　　A. had come B. came C. would come D. was coming

　　29. I was late for the interview yesterday. I ________ the road to be so crowded.

　　A. wouldn’t expect B. haven’t expected C. wasn’t expecting D. hadn’t expected

　　30. ---How long had the hotel _______ fire when the firemen got there?

　　---For an hour or so.

　　A. caught B. been caught C. been on D. been catching

　　二、用所给动词的正确形式填空

　　1 By the time we got to the airport, the plane _______ (take) off.

　　2 The children ________ (have) the book for two weeks before they returned it to the library.

　　3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.

　　4 When I woke up this morning, I found that it ________ (stop) snowing.

　　5 The boy _____ (not watch) the movie because he had watched it twice.

　　6 Kate told me that it was the second time that she _______ (go) skating.

　　7 When Jim _____ (come) to China two years ago, he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.

　　8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____ (not see) each other since we left Beijing.

　　9 If you _______ (work) harder, you would have passed the examination.

　　10 No sooner had we got there than it ______ (begin) to rain.

　　三、句子改错

　　1. When she got home last night, her three children went to bed.

　　2. I didn't go to see the firm because I saw it before.

　　3. The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.

　　4. By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.

　　5. Jim got seriously ill. He didn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.

　　四、中译英

　　1 当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始十分钟了。

　　2他们本来计划在上个周末前到达中国的。

　　3火车开出之前，所有的参观者就已经到了车站。

　　4 我告诉了我美国的朋友在过去的三十年里中国发生了巨大的变化。

　　5 我原以为这是他第一次迟到。

　　五、真题回顾

　　1. The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time.

　　A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell

　　2. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ___ there several years ago.

　　A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been

　　3. ----Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.

　　----Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.

　　A. have just thought B. was just thinking

　　C. would just think D. will just be thinking

　　4. ----Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?

　　----I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.

　　A. had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t

　　5. ----Did you tidy your room?

　　---- No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.

　　A. had B. have C. have had D. will have

　　6. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances _____ in the past years.

　　A. discovered B. have discovered

　　C. had been discovered D. have been discovered

　　7. They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.

　　A. had got B. got C. have got D. get

　　8. ---Did Peter fix the computer himself?

　　---He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers.

　　A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it

　　9. I got caught in the rain and my suit ____.

　　A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined

　　10. ---It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.

　　---Oh, don’t mention it. I _____ past your house anyway.

　　A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come

　　11. ---I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.

　　---Impossible. She ____TV with me in my home then.

　　A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching

　　12. As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards, graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers.

　　A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked

　　13. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______

　　A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached D. had reached

　　14. ---you ＿＿him around the museum yet?

　　---Yes. We had a great time there.

　　A. Have; shown B. Do; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show

　　15. I ____ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.

　　A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be

　　参 考 答 案

　　一、单项填空

　　1----5 DADCC 6----10 ABDCD 11----15 AABCB 16----20 BABDD

　　21----25 DCBCA 26----30 CDADC

　　二、用所给动词的适当形式填空

　　1. had taken 2. had had 3. had studied 4. had stopped

　　5. didn’t watch 6. had gone 7. came; had learned 8. hadn’t seen

　　9. had worked 10. began

　　三、句子改错

　　1. went 改成 had gone 2. saw 改成 had seen

　　3. has stopped 改成 had stopped 4. learned 改成 had learned

　　5. didn’t 改成 hadn’t

　　四、中译英

　　1. When we got to the cinema, the movie had already been on for ten minutes.

　　2. They had planned to reach China before the end of last week.

　　3. All the visitors had got to the station before the train set off.

　　4. I told my American friends that great changes had taken place in China over the past 30 years.

　　5. I thought this was the first time that he had been late.

　　五、真题回顾

　　1----5 CDBCA 6----10 DBACA 11----15 DBBAC